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GRAMMAR BASICS BASIC ELEMENTS OF THE SENTENCE Types of Subject Nouns Pronouns Gerund or Gerund Phrase Infinitive or Infinitive Phrase Indefinite or Dummy Subject Clauses Types of Verbs Transitive Verb Intransitive Verb Linking Verb Types of Complements Direct Object Indirect Object and Direct Object Object Complement Predicate Adjective Predicate Noun Gerund Noun Clause Infinitive Adverb   SUBORDINATE ELEMENTS OF THE SENTENCE The Subject and its Modifiers The Verb and its Modifiers The Complement and its Modifiers   SENTENCE PATTERNS Simple Sentence Compound Sentence Complex Sentence   TENSE FORMS AND USAGE Forms and Usages of the Simple Verb Phrase  Present Tense Past Tense Forms and Usages of the Perfect Verb Phrase Present Perfect Past Perfect Forms and Usages of the Future Verb Phrase. (Will and Shall) Forms and Usages of the Progressive Verb Phrase. Present Progressive Past Progressive Present Perfect Progressive Past Perfect Progressive Future Progressive Comparison of Past Tense and Present Perfect Tense Conditional Patterns Possible Conditions Contrary-To-Fact Conditions Doubtful Conditions (Active and Passive) Subjunctive Patterns Present Subjunctive Forms and Patterns Past Subjunctive Forms and Patterns   VARIETY IN SENTENCE STRUCTURE Clause Openers Adjective and Adverb Openers Phrase Openers The Appositive The Nominative Absolute Comparison of Full and Abridged Construction Comparison of Patterns

VERBS REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS Regular Verbs (base form, Simple Past Tense and Past Participle) Irregular Verbs (base form, Simple Past Tense and Past Participle)

PROBLEMS WITH VERBS 1. Verbs That Require an Infinitive or –Ing Form in the Complement 2. Participles 3. Necessity, Usually For Repair Or Improvement (Need) 4. Ability (Know) 5. Past Custom 6. Logical Conclusions (Must) 7. Advisability 8. Question Forms for Invitation and Customs 9. Preference 10. Unfulfilled Desires in The Past 11. Conditions 12. Desires 13. Contrary To Fact Statements 14. Subjunctives 15. Impersonal Expressions 16. Causatives 17. Tag Questions 18. More Tag Questions 19. More Tag Questions 20. Affirmative Agreement 21. Negative Agreement 22. Negative Imperatives Problems with Pronouns 23. -Ing Form Modified By Possessive Pronouns 24. Subject and Object Pronouns 25. Propositions with Object Pronouns 26. Relative Pronouns Which Refers To Persons 27. Relative Pronouns Which Refer To Persons and Things

VERBS AS COMPLEMENTS a)Verbs that use the Ing form. b)Verbs that use the infinitive form. c)Sentences that don’t change meaning using Gerund or Infinitive d)Sentences that have different meaning e)Sentences that the require the ING form with Prepositions f)Sentences that require the infinitive form with adjectives g)Pronoun before the Infinitive h)Verb -Ing plus possessive form i)Need j)Subjunctives

VERBALS 1.The –ING form used as a noun (Gerund). 2.The –ING form used as an adjective 3.Past participle used as an adjective. 4.Infinitive used as a noun 5.Infinitive used as an adjective. 6.Infinitive used as an adverb. 7.Omission of to in the infinitive. 8.Verbs followed only by infinitive (as object) 9.Verbs followed only by gerund (as object)